The Bible Often Mentions God’s Wrath

00:00:00.000 | (upbeat music)

00:00:02.580 | - The Bible is full of about 20 major themes

00:00:08.480 | and another 50 to 70 smaller themes,

00:00:11.400 | themes you really must grasp

00:00:13.000 | in order to make sense of the whole Bible.

00:00:14.880 | And we're walking through the biggies on this podcast

00:00:17.320 | and when it comes to explaining how each theme develops

00:00:19.460 | from Genesis to Revelation,

00:00:21.200 | I don't know of anyone who does it better

00:00:22.520 | than Dr. Don Carson.

00:00:24.120 | On select Fridays like today,

00:00:25.840 | we release a little longer episode than normal

00:00:28.320 | where we call up Dr. Carson.

00:00:29.480 | He takes up one theme and explains it.

00:00:31.640 | And six times we've covered one of the major themes

00:00:34.160 | of the Bible with him.

00:00:35.560 | And you can find all of those episodes,

00:00:37.160 | just search for his last name, Carson, in the APJ app.

00:00:40.320 | He joins us again today over the phone

00:00:41.680 | fruit of our partnership with our friends

00:00:43.160 | at the Gospel Coalition.

00:00:44.240 | Carson is the co-founder and president

00:00:46.480 | of the Gospel Coalition and also the editor

00:00:48.400 | of the NIV Zondervan Study Bible,

00:00:51.200 | which is sort of the study Bible version

00:00:53.520 | of what we're doing in these podcasts.

00:00:56.240 | There is one theme and if you get it wrong,

00:00:58.840 | it will make an utter mess of the entire Bible

00:01:01.520 | and it's the theme of God's wrath on sin.

00:01:04.600 | Sin is the theme we looked at last time

00:01:06.400 | with him in episode 858.

00:01:08.200 | But today we turn and look at what God's wrath is

00:01:10.740 | and what it isn't.

00:01:12.160 | So I called Dr. Carson at his home office

00:01:13.960 | and this is what he said.

00:01:15.800 | - I suppose there are few theological topics

00:01:18.720 | that are more unacceptable to the contemporary

00:01:21.760 | Western world than the theme of the wrath of God.

00:01:25.680 | The fact remains that the wrath of God

00:01:28.080 | is spoken of something like 600 times

00:01:31.240 | directly or indirectly in the Old Testament alone,

00:01:33.840 | quite apart from New Testament usages.

00:01:36.840 | And that is in addition to passages

00:01:40.840 | where the expression the wrath of God

00:01:43.320 | or anything analogous is not actually found,

00:01:48.320 | but the narrative carries the same theme.

00:01:52.160 | For example, in Genesis 3,

00:01:54.760 | the occasion of the first human sin,

00:01:56.960 | there is no mention of the wrath of God,

00:01:58.900 | but God promises judgment in chapter two,

00:02:02.720 | if they eat the forbidden fruit,

00:02:04.640 | the judgment begins to be carried out in chapter three

00:02:07.320 | and is carried out further.

00:02:09.080 | This is a narrative telling of the wrath of God.

00:02:13.040 | And there are many passages of that order.

00:02:16.320 | And it's really important early on to establish then

00:02:20.000 | that the judgments that fall on the human race

00:02:22.720 | are not simply the automatic,

00:02:25.760 | but entirely impersonal consequences of bad behavior.

00:02:30.760 | If you do bad things, bad stuff happens to you

00:02:33.800 | in some sort of mechanistic way,

00:02:35.360 | karma or something of that order,

00:02:37.600 | but rather that there is personal offense

00:02:40.760 | against the personal God who made us.

00:02:43.880 | And his reaction against us is to bring judgment.

00:02:49.080 | And that is a function of his judicial wrath.

00:02:54.080 | Already we see then that wrath is not bad temper.

00:02:56.680 | It's not as if he's losing it,

00:02:58.440 | but it is a function of his holiness.

00:03:00.800 | And if he were entirely unwrothful

00:03:05.800 | in that understanding of wrath,

00:03:08.120 | then there would be no judgment

00:03:09.640 | and no consequence for sin of any sort.

00:03:12.920 | And that doesn't make God out to be more attractive

00:03:15.680 | or more holy, it makes him out to be morally indifferent.

00:03:19.240 | That is already established in Nuce,

00:03:23.240 | in seed form in the opening chapters of Genesis.

00:03:26.680 | There are so many, many biblical theological themes

00:03:29.920 | that are beginning to appear in Genesis 1, 2, and 3,

00:03:34.920 | and that are not developed and articulated until much later.

00:03:38.820 | Then you find the same development in the Genesis storyline.

00:03:45.480 | The judgment of the flood is a function of the wrath of God.

00:03:49.560 | And the way even the Abrahamic family,

00:03:53.400 | Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the patriarchs and so on,

00:03:56.460 | face various judgments from God

00:03:58.840 | because of their failures, inconsistencies, and sins,

00:04:03.240 | along with the mercy of God,

00:04:04.800 | and that God preserves them,

00:04:06.520 | brings them down to Egypt to make sure

00:04:09.000 | they have enough food and so on.

00:04:11.520 | And that pattern continues all the way,

00:04:13.600 | for example, to the exile,

00:04:15.440 | when first the northern tribes, about 721,

00:04:18.680 | and then the southern two tribes,

00:04:21.360 | Judah and Simeon in 586,

00:04:24.560 | their leadership is carried off into exile,

00:04:27.360 | the former to the Assyrian Empire,

00:04:30.480 | the latter to the Babylonian Empire.

00:04:32.720 | And yet texts make it clear again and again and again

00:04:36.560 | that this doesn't happen

00:04:38.320 | because the Babylonians are too strong for God.

00:04:41.960 | It's not as if the regional superpower controls events.

00:04:45.680 | But for example, in the prophecy of Ezekiel,

00:04:47.720 | we see how in a vision in chapters eight and following,

00:04:51.640 | God judicially abandons the temple.

00:04:54.480 | There is so much idolatry and so much sin going on

00:04:56.960 | that the glory of God leaves the temple,

00:05:00.680 | sits on the mobile throne chariot,

00:05:03.800 | the throne chariot abandons the city,

00:05:05.560 | crosses the Kidron Valley,

00:05:07.560 | rises to the top of the Mount of Olives,

00:05:09.560 | and waits for the city to be destroyed.

00:05:11.920 | All of that is a symbol-laden way of saying

00:05:15.240 | that if Jerusalem falls,

00:05:17.920 | it falls not because the Babylonians are such a mighty power

00:05:21.160 | that even God can't stop them,

00:05:23.480 | but that the Babylonians win in the last analysis

00:05:26.240 | simply because God, in his wrath,

00:05:29.040 | though the word is rarely used in that connection,

00:05:31.540 | is judicially frowning upon Judah and Jerusalem.

00:05:37.240 | He is bringing the promised judgment

00:05:39.000 | that he had been threatening them with for generations.

00:05:42.480 | It's finally come.

00:05:44.480 | And the same thing is at the heart

00:05:48.520 | of the opening chapters of Romans.

00:05:51.120 | Before you get to the great atonement passage

00:05:54.160 | in Romans chapter three, verses 21 to 26,

00:05:58.800 | you read from 118,

00:06:01.360 | the wrath of God is being revealed from heaven

00:06:04.100 | against all the godlessness and wickedness of people

00:06:07.160 | who suppress the truth by their wickedness

00:06:09.240 | since what may be known about God is plain to them

00:06:12.200 | because God has made it plain to them.

00:06:15.320 | And the next two and a half chapters

00:06:17.520 | are essentially the justification of that conclusion.

00:06:22.520 | The wrath of God is in the process of being revealed

00:06:25.960 | in God's abandonment of people.

00:06:29.440 | He gives them over to the sinful desires of their own hearts.

00:06:33.160 | And the concluding list of Old Testament quotations

00:06:38.160 | is startling in its vision of human conduct.

00:06:43.200 | Chapter three, verses 10 and following,

00:06:45.280 | as it is written, there is no one righteous, not even one.

00:06:48.360 | There is no one who understands.

00:06:49.760 | There is no one who seeks God.

00:06:51.100 | All have turned away.

00:06:51.940 | They have together become worthless.

00:06:53.440 | There is no one who does good, not even one, and so forth.

00:06:56.280 | All of this is part of the description,

00:07:00.320 | the unpacking of what it means in 118 to say

00:07:03.640 | the wrath of God is being revealed from heaven

00:07:07.840 | against all the godlessness and wickedness of people.

00:07:10.920 | In other words, salvation necessarily demands

00:07:15.300 | that God's wrath somehow be set aside.

00:07:18.280 | Salvation consists in part, it's not the whole part,

00:07:21.560 | but it consists in part in being saved

00:07:24.680 | from the righteous wrath of God.

00:07:27.560 | And that is where propitiation lies.

00:07:30.480 | So now we're into an array of terms

00:07:34.680 | connected with the atonement.

00:07:36.340 | We see again and again how different biblical themes

00:07:39.320 | bring us back to the cross.

00:07:40.560 | In this case, the wrath of God brings us to the cross

00:07:44.440 | in that it is one of the ways the Bible speaks

00:07:47.540 | of God's formidable holiness arrayed

00:07:50.960 | against our sinfulness and rebellion.

00:07:53.900 | And somehow that righteous wrath must be turned aside

00:07:58.900 | or we are utterly undone, we are lost, we face judgment.

00:08:04.020 | That's why the cross is understood in the New Testament

00:08:06.980 | not only to cancel sin, but to propitiate God.

00:08:10.980 | God becomes both the author

00:08:13.020 | and the object of propitiation.

00:08:16.700 | He plans things such that Christ bears our sin and guilt

00:08:22.520 | and cancels it, but at the same time,

00:08:25.200 | by canceling our sin, satisfies God's sense of justice

00:08:30.080 | and his wrath is turned aside,

00:08:31.680 | he becomes propitious toward us, favorable toward us

00:08:35.520 | by the plan and decree and purposes of God in redemption.

00:08:39.320 | And within this framework,

00:08:44.040 | this pattern of understanding what salvation is about

00:08:47.320 | recurs again and again and again,

00:08:49.480 | sometimes using the wrath word and sometimes not.

00:08:52.460 | For example, Ephesians 1 says that we are all by nature

00:08:56.360 | children of wrath, we are all under the condemnation of God

00:08:59.880 | apart from God's gracious salvation brought to us.

00:09:04.240 | And the ultimate descriptions of hell are likewise

00:09:09.240 | a reflection of God's judicial determination to punish sin.

00:09:15.680 | And thus we read, for example, regarding the devil.

00:09:19.920 | The devil who deceived them was thrown

00:09:22.040 | into the lake of burning sulfur

00:09:23.640 | where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown.

00:09:26.440 | They will be tormented day and night forever and ever.

00:09:30.240 | Revelation 20.

00:09:31.520 | All of this is a function of God's wrath

00:09:33.600 | even though the word wrath isn't really used there.

00:09:38.000 | Now, it's worth pausing for a moment to think

00:09:41.760 | about some of the ways in which wrath relates

00:09:45.200 | to other attributes of God.

00:09:48.600 | God's love and God's wrath are not symmetrical.

00:09:53.600 | The Bible does say that God is love.

00:09:57.860 | It never says that God is wrath.

00:10:00.360 | The closest it gets to it is saying

00:10:02.640 | that God is a consuming fire,

00:10:04.840 | which fire burns both to purify us and to punish.

00:10:10.580 | But that consuming fire is itself a function

00:10:13.440 | of his holiness.

00:10:14.660 | What is really important when you think about both love

00:10:19.040 | and wrath in the nature of God is that the doctrine

00:10:23.920 | of impassibility so-called needs to be rightly understood.

00:10:28.440 | The majority of Christians across the whole history

00:10:30.680 | of the church have affirmed the impassibility of God.

00:10:35.100 | But sometimes that doctrine has been misunderstood.

00:10:39.860 | God becomes impassible, that is,

00:10:42.120 | not subject to emotions, born along by his reason,

00:10:47.480 | his knowledge, his sovereignty, but not by his emotions.

00:10:51.760 | And thus there's a danger of thinking God

00:10:53.680 | in almost a Stoic sense.

00:10:55.960 | But that just won't do.

00:10:58.120 | It won't do for either his love or his wrath.

00:11:00.920 | He's the God who yearns for his people,

00:11:03.040 | who loves them, who cries, "Turn, turn, why will you die?

00:11:06.440 | "The Lord has no pleasure in the death of the wicked.

00:11:08.400 | "God so loved the world that he gave his son."

00:11:11.640 | There are so many, many, many verses

00:11:14.100 | that emphasize the love of God,

00:11:16.320 | and not a few that emphasize his wrath

00:11:19.320 | as a function of his holiness.

00:11:22.000 | Sometimes the judgment that is poured out on his people

00:11:24.840 | in the Old Testament is said to continue

00:11:27.280 | until his wrath is turned aside,

00:11:29.520 | until his judgment is satisfied.

00:11:32.500 | But what we must see, it seems to me, in both cases,

00:11:35.900 | is that God doesn't, to use a contemporary expression,

00:11:38.840 | fall in love.

00:11:40.400 | And he's not wrathful because he loses it.

00:11:43.440 | He blows up just because his patience runs out

00:11:47.880 | in some purely emotional way.

00:11:50.880 | If God is acting in love,

00:11:53.960 | it's in the context of all of his perfections.

00:11:56.480 | He acts in holiness and love and in truth,

00:11:59.420 | not because he sets holiness over against love

00:12:03.120 | and it's a sort of zero-sum game.

00:12:05.980 | A little more love today means a little less holiness.

00:12:08.300 | A little more holiness tomorrow means a little less love.

00:12:11.660 | It's not a zero-sum game.

00:12:12.860 | God always acts in conjunction with all of his attributes.

00:12:16.900 | And thus, although he does love us,

00:12:19.260 | never does he fall in love with us

00:12:21.920 | because that suggests he is caught up in a web of emotion

00:12:26.920 | that controls him apart from what he might think

00:12:31.420 | or his judgment or his sovereignty or his justice.

00:12:35.580 | He can't help himself.

00:12:37.360 | In that sense, he is impassable.

00:12:39.060 | It's not as if he's controlled by his emotions,

00:12:43.660 | but it's not as if he's emotionless either.

00:12:46.560 | In that sense, impassability can be misunderstood.

00:12:49.540 | And similarly with wrath,

00:12:51.040 | God doesn't sort of lose his temper.

00:12:54.020 | It's a judicial function of his holiness

00:12:56.700 | against the backdrop of our sinfulness.

00:12:59.820 | If there were no sin in the universe,

00:13:02.340 | there would never ever be any expression of God's wrath.

00:13:06.820 | In that sense, God's wrath is, unlike his love, contingent.

00:13:10.420 | God is love regardless of what else there is in the universe,

00:13:14.800 | including our sin.

00:13:16.340 | But God's wrath is contingent

00:13:18.900 | upon either the sin of the fallen angels or our sin.

00:13:23.740 | What's not contingent is God's holiness.

00:13:26.700 | God's holiness, God's sovereignty,

00:13:28.740 | God's love and the other attributes

00:13:30.460 | that are part of his eternal being are always in play.

00:13:35.280 | And God's wrath is a function of those attributes

00:13:40.280 | when faced with our sin.

00:13:42.860 | One more clarification that's probably worth making.

00:13:46.620 | There are some people who say

00:13:48.840 | that once a person becomes a Christian,

00:13:53.060 | there should never be any further talk

00:13:55.540 | of God's wrath in that person's life.

00:13:58.380 | There should never be any fear.

00:13:59.620 | Perfect love casts out fear.

00:14:01.380 | And thus, Christians who've enjoyed

00:14:03.500 | God's perfect love in Christ Jesus

00:14:05.260 | need never to fear again.

00:14:07.140 | That's not quite right.

00:14:08.960 | I know what is being said.

00:14:11.300 | The true element in that kind of utterance

00:14:14.020 | is that those who are amongst the chosen of God,

00:14:18.320 | the elect of God, don't face the fear of final judgment.

00:14:22.020 | They don't face the fear of God's eternal wrath in hell.

00:14:28.340 | Yet, Paul writing to the Philippians

00:14:30.380 | says that we're to work out our salvation

00:14:32.020 | with fear and trembling.

00:14:34.580 | God's love is perfect,

00:14:36.000 | but we don't experience it perfectly

00:14:37.620 | because we still continue to sin.

00:14:39.580 | And there is a kind of punishment

00:14:41.740 | that God enacts in the same way

00:14:44.020 | that an earthly father punishes his children rightly

00:14:47.540 | for their good.

00:14:48.880 | It's not an act of ultimate judicial judgment.

00:14:51.800 | Of course not.

00:14:52.860 | Not if you are amongst the people of God.

00:14:55.740 | But nevertheless, if Paul can insist

00:14:58.980 | that the way we work out our salvation

00:15:01.380 | is with fear and trembling,

00:15:02.940 | it's precisely because we are not yet ourselves

00:15:06.740 | perfected in love and won't be perfected in love

00:15:09.480 | until the new heaven and the new earth.

00:15:11.660 | So that's a sort of a brief bird's eye view

00:15:15.460 | of the theme and the way it's connected

00:15:17.120 | with several other themes right across

00:15:19.480 | the whole breadth and sweep of scripture.

00:15:21.520 | - Such an essential theme to grasp.

00:15:24.140 | Thank you for that survey.

00:15:25.180 | Dr. Carson, so we're helping Bible readers

00:15:28.260 | put their Bibles together,

00:15:29.340 | Genesis to Revelation thematically.

00:15:31.900 | And as you mentioned earlier,

00:15:33.340 | we see 600 references to God's wrath

00:15:35.620 | in the Old Testament, 600.

00:15:37.940 | What would you say to a reader who thinks

00:15:39.480 | the God of the Old Testament is a God of wrath,

00:15:42.760 | but the God of the New Testament is a God of love?

00:15:45.620 | How do you reconcile the false dichotomy

00:15:47.780 | that feels so very real to many Bible readers?

00:15:51.860 | - Well, it's a good question.

00:15:54.100 | The objection that you raise

00:15:56.060 | is an exceedingly common one.

00:15:58.860 | And I think it's partly because contemporary readers

00:16:01.940 | look at the passages of judgment in the Old Testament

00:16:04.940 | and they're bound up with war and famine

00:16:07.580 | and physical suffering and so on.

00:16:09.840 | And today people are more frightened

00:16:12.340 | of those kinds of things than they are of hell itself.

00:16:15.260 | But the reality is that the Old Testament

00:16:17.300 | speaks much of the love of God

00:16:19.160 | as a father pities his children.

00:16:20.740 | So the Lord pities us.

00:16:22.460 | He knows our frame.

00:16:23.440 | He remembers that we are dust.

00:16:24.980 | He will not always chide.

00:16:26.740 | He is slow to anger, abounding in love and mercy.

00:16:30.300 | All of those are Old Testament phrases,

00:16:32.580 | Old Testament themes.

00:16:34.340 | And in the New Testament, yes, yes,

00:16:36.620 | we speak of gentle Jesus, meek and mild,

00:16:39.780 | who will not snuff a smoking wick

00:16:42.540 | or break a bruised wreath and so on.

00:16:45.100 | But that same Jesus is the one who speaks more often

00:16:48.060 | than everybody else in the New Testament put together

00:16:50.700 | about hell.

00:16:51.640 | And then there are passages like the end of Romans,

00:16:54.620 | of Revelation 14,

00:16:56.260 | the angel swung a sickle on the earth,

00:16:58.500 | gathered its grapes and threw them

00:17:00.500 | into the great winepress of God's wrath.

00:17:03.340 | They were trampled in the winepress outside the city

00:17:05.860 | and blood flowed out of the press,

00:17:07.980 | rising as high as the horses' bridles

00:17:09.880 | for a distance of 1600 stadia.

00:17:12.460 | Here is an image, metaphorical though it may be,

00:17:16.140 | of people being trampled down in a winepress

00:17:19.180 | until their blood rises to the height of a horse's bridle

00:17:23.260 | for a distance of 200 miles.

00:17:25.260 | And within that framework,

00:17:27.700 | to speak of the New Testament being kinder and gentler

00:17:31.580 | is hugely mistaken.

00:17:33.820 | Instead of moving from a picture of the wrath of God

00:17:36.960 | to a picture of the love of God

00:17:38.460 | as you move from the Old Testament to the New,

00:17:41.020 | I think instead what you have

00:17:42.700 | is the ratcheting up of both themes.

00:17:45.180 | That is, as you move from the Old to the New,

00:17:47.620 | the picture of the love of God is ratcheted up.

00:17:50.140 | It does become ever clearer and more wonderful

00:17:53.680 | and more explicit,

00:17:54.860 | bound up with the very person and work of Christ.

00:17:58.020 | But the picture of hell is also ratcheted up,

00:18:00.540 | so that far from softening things

00:18:02.740 | as you move from temporal judgments and earthly judgments

00:18:05.940 | and war and famine and plague,

00:18:08.780 | you don't move from there to softness

00:18:11.020 | and moral indifferentism.

00:18:13.380 | You move instead to hell itself.

00:18:16.380 | It seems to me that both of those themes are ratcheted up,

00:18:19.660 | and the only way they can ever be reconciled

00:18:21.940 | is precisely in the cross.

00:18:23.460 | - That is a magnificently helpful statement

00:18:26.820 | for Bible readers to understand, so key.

00:18:29.020 | So wrath is ratcheted up as redemptive history unfolds.

00:18:33.580 | This becomes a heavier and heavier theme,

00:18:35.960 | but it also invites us to a new appreciation

00:18:37.940 | for the cross, I think.

00:18:39.740 | If the church loses its grip on God's wrath for sin,

00:18:43.980 | salvation can really degenerate pretty quickly

00:18:46.780 | and even be reduced to terms

00:18:48.580 | primarily about sort of therapeutic well-being

00:18:51.780 | or self-actualizing.

00:18:53.540 | Talk to us about the implications here.

00:18:56.640 | - That's a common trajectory.

00:18:58.140 | It doesn't have to go that far,

00:19:00.340 | but it's a common trajectory.

00:19:01.460 | In other words, there are some people

00:19:03.300 | who talk about the canceling of sin

00:19:05.340 | and the canceling of guilt and the canceling of shame,

00:19:09.460 | and in that sense are remaining true

00:19:11.300 | to one of the important themes in Scripture.

00:19:13.940 | But if you lose the turning aside of the wrath of God,

00:19:18.020 | what you lose is how sin is itself

00:19:21.920 | bound up with offending God.

00:19:24.140 | It's not just offending an impersonal moral code,

00:19:28.340 | it's offending God.

00:19:29.820 | And thus, the love of God is lost,

00:19:34.820 | or at least the glory of the love of God is lost.

00:19:38.020 | What you have is a nice God who comes and loves us

00:19:41.980 | in some measure to get us out of the trouble

00:19:44.780 | that we've found ourselves in, that we've put ourselves in,

00:19:47.620 | but you don't have a picture of a God

00:19:49.700 | who rightly stands against us in judicial wrath

00:19:52.140 | and loves us anyway because he's that kind of God.

00:19:55.880 | And that's the biggest thing that's lost, it seems to me.

00:19:59.280 | And then with time, a softening view of sin

00:20:03.260 | means a softening view of wrath and vice versa.

00:20:06.740 | If you have a softening view of wrath,

00:20:08.860 | then sin becomes less an offense to God

00:20:12.300 | than a kind of moral failure against

00:20:14.980 | an independent impersonal code.

00:20:17.860 | And thus, it becomes less personally offensive to God

00:20:21.220 | and the notion of salvation is changed.

00:20:23.940 | And then it's possible to take further steps

00:20:26.620 | along the trajectory until salvation itself

00:20:29.200 | becomes more psychological than anything.

00:20:31.300 | It's not an inevitable pathway, but it's a very common one.

00:20:34.260 | - So good and rich, thank you, Dr. Carson.

00:20:36.380 | - Yeah, blessings on you.

00:20:37.980 | - That was a world-class biblical theology

00:20:39.660 | made to look so easy.

00:20:40.660 | And that was Dr. Don Carson from his home office

00:20:42.860 | joining us again by way of our partnership

00:20:44.540 | with our friends over at the Gospel Coalition.

00:20:46.600 | Carson is co-founder and president of the Gospel Coalition.

00:20:49.980 | We are now breaking for the weekend.

00:20:51.460 | And this weekend, feel free to look back on the episodes

00:20:53.500 | from the week and search our archive of hundreds of episodes,

00:20:55.940 | download our podcast app, or subscribe to the podcast,

00:20:58.620 | or even send us a question of your own.

00:21:00.620 | Go to desiringgod.org/askpastorjohn.

00:21:04.460 | And of course, you can find all the episodes

00:21:06.100 | with Dr. Carson on the app.

00:21:07.340 | Search for his last name, Carson, and you will find them.

00:21:10.580 | I'm your host, Tony Reinke, and I'll see you on Monday.

00:21:13.280 | (upbeat music)

00:21:15.860 | (upbeat music)

00:21:18.440 | [BLANK_AUDIO]

The Bible Often Mentions God’s Wrath — Why Does It Matter?

Chapters