We had dinner last week and Saks and I got bombed last week. We had dinner and we drank a quadruple. Casa, I've not seen Jekyll drink like that before. I stopped in for a few minutes drinking. I mean, Casa Azul. He tore my house apart getting back in. Oh, my God, like a bear, like a bear.

I went Brooklyn, so he was like a bear. He was like a drunk bear. But I spoke to the lady of the manor and I will be staying at Saks's house next time. So I will be able to refresh the ranch's soap and towels. Yeah, I'm staying at your place.

I mean, you know what? I forgot to get towels when I was at Chamonte. It's got this amazing embroidered towel. So I'll just hit those up when I hit your place. It's really funny to go to Jekyll Ranch and there's going to be a big S on his towels.

Why is there an S on it? I got the robe that says yes on it. I've got a robe on the back. It says MAGA. I took all the MAGA robes. What does the S stand for? It's grifter. Oh, it's so funny. Steals. He's got a bunch of towels that say C as well, cheap.

All right, listen, happy Halloween to everybody, and we've got a great docket for you today, but I just up front wanted to let people know that we will be having the all in holiday spectacular on December 7th at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco. It's going to be amazing.

All in dot com slash events and next Tuesday. That's right. November 5th. If you go to our YouTube at 7 p.m. Pacific Time, 10 p.m. Eastern Time, we're going to do an election night live stream for the fans. We're almost at 700000 subscribers. So subscribe to comment and join us on our live stream on Tuesday night.

There'll be guests. Right. There's going to be some fun guests. I think Helmuth is still banned by Chamath for life, but I may bring him on and let him give him a second chance. Chamath, is that OK? I bring him on for a second chance. Sure. OK, so we're going to give Helmuth a second chance, but we'll see.

He's going to be on a very tight leash if he makes it about himself in seven seconds or less. Seven seconds to fill Helmuth. He's going to get kicked right off the show. OK. Holiday party. Do we know that? Yeah. Go to all in dot com slash events if you want to come.

It's going to be great. You guys aren't going to be happy, but we are setting we are going to spend a million dollars on this party. How did you spend a million dollars on a party? Dude, did you see the set he built last time? That sounds like a lot of founders.

That's a lot of it's going to be about 300,000. We'll probably lose money on the party, but it's going to be it's not meant to be call it a profit center, but it's just going to be super fun. You cannot put a price on a good time. And, you know, if you're going to get that premium founder mode, did you always want to be a party promoter when you were like in high school and in college?

When I was in college, I had a DJ set up. I had like synthesizer set up, which I plugged in and I did live electronic music with my DJ set. I'm going to drop the beat. Chamath. I'm going to drop the beat. A couple of my startups now are doing something interesting.

Athena is bought like a pack of tickets and they're doing like a holiday party there with their top for our event, for our event. They basically bought a bundle of VIP tickets and they're giving them to the top customers and their top employees to come. That's cool. And make it like their holiday party in San Francisco with our customers.

So that's kind of neat, smart move by them. And so if you have a startup and you want to bring your startup, you can buy a pack of tickets as it were. That's actually a really good idea. A bunch of these small startups should just co-opt our holiday party as your holiday.

Precisely. Yeah. Just buy 10 tickets and come. If Freebird's going to go blow a million bucks, you might as well co-opt it. I'm hopeful today we're going to sign this DJ, which is everyone. Everyone knows the DJ and it is going to be pretty sick if we can get it.

It's a degenerate gambler. We know him. We play poker with him. Whenever we pay him, he's going to lose twice as much at the poker game. Let's just, let's call it what it is. Sax, can you host poker at your house after the party? Yeah. No. What a team player.

He built an entire poker building and he's used it like seven times. David Sax is just the absolute best. All right. Let's get to work. You know what's winning as well is the US GDP. Here we go. It grew slightly slower than expected, but the top line numbers are healthy.

Looks like the soft landing might be baked in. We'll see. On Wednesday, the Department of Commerce reported that real GDP grew 2.8% in Q3. That means it's adjusted for inflation. And you can't look at these things in a vacuum. You have to look at the other Western countries and their GDP, Japan 0.7, Australia 0.2, Germany 0.2, Canada 0.5.

The world is not growing. US is growing briskly. And in terms of how to think about it, 2% to 3% is sort of the sweet spot for mature economies. Above 3%, positive, but can also signal overheating like we experienced during Zerp and in 2021. Under 2%, yeah, stagnation. US GDP was 30 basis points below the Dow Jones consensus forecast of 3.1%.

There's your chart if you missed it. And obviously inflation, we talked about this last week, is at 2.4%, very close to the 2% target. Unemployment, 4.1%, close to historic lows, 10-year treasury, 4.3%, and obviously stock market at its all-time high again. There's your S&P, Dow, and NASDAQ. As we've talked about over and over again, Shamath, the federal debt is the issue, $35 trillion in debt.

We have a trillion in annual interest payments on that debt. And Freiburg, your pet peeve, $23.5 million directly and millions more indirectly. As we know, federal government employees now at $3 million, it's about 1% of the country. And state government employees, $5.5 million, local governments, $15 million. Put it all together and we got almost 25 million people working for our government.

What do you think the prescription here is, Freiburg, as we come up on election day and we look towards next year, do you believe we can cut this crazy spending? What do you think's going to happen to the economy? Will it overheat, soft landing? You're running a company now, so you have to think about this, obviously.

Well, I'll separate running a company because I think that's got to be treated independently from macro. You can't build your business around macro. But 10-year treasuries are sitting at just around 4.3%. I think what the market is telling us, and remember, that's off of a low right when the rate cuts were happening, if you'll remember, in mid-September, we got down to just around 3.5%.

The market is telling us that with the sort of economic growth we're seeing, low unemployment, and call it modest inflation, this is not the time to be cutting rates. And the market is saying we are expecting higher rates for longer. So I do think that that's one big kind of turnaround that's happened in the last 90 days, which is really, I think, a big surprise to a lot of folks, is just how robust things are relative to where folks thought that they were about 90 days ago, urging, pleading, and supposedly needing a big rate cut to get the economy moving again.

But I think at the end of the day, everyone's looking to the election as kind of the next big moment in the economy. Both Trump and Kamala have made fiscal proposals that would be deeply expensive. If you assume these budgeting groups that go out and take their policy proposals and try and build a model against them, that they're both going to add trillions of dollars to the debt, they're going to increase deficit spending, etc.

But the reality is that neither of them are actually going to end up theoretically being able to execute all of those policies. And there will likely be some degree of difference to where we end up on spending. >>Corey: That's a great point. Chamath, a lot of talk about DOGE, the Department of Government, what is the last word?

>>Chamath: Efficiency. >>Corey: Efficiency. I think Elon might be collaborating on, what do you think the chances are? He said there could be $2 trillion in savings that could occur. What are the chances that any meaningful cuts happen and we reverse the trend if Trump, say he wins and he creates that position?

>>Kamala: I think the first question that'll inform how dramatic the cuts are is whether we organize ourselves around an accurate sense of where the actual economy is. If you look at the print today, it would actually tell you that things are pretty okay and that we are not sort of near an unsustainable turning point.

However, and Nick, if you want to just throw up this chart, if you back out the percentage of government consumption that is included in GDP, you start to see a very different picture, which is that over the last two and a half years, all of the economic gains under the Biden administration have largely been through government consumption.

What that means is that private industry has been standing on the sidelines somewhat. That actually maps to a lot of this intuition that I've had over the last few months when I've said, "I think we're in a low key recession," because what I could never figure out is why I would look at the earnings transcripts of a bunch of companies who would constantly talk about softening demand.

By the way, this is across the board. It wasn't just CPG companies, but Dropbox as an example, same sort of thing. They just laid off 20% of their staff and the memo was about weakening demand. This is a broad-based softening as far as companies experience the economy, but the high-level number is positive, which would make you think that everything is fine.

When you look at that chart and you back out the percentage of the positive news that the government is responsible for, what it means is the economy is flat and the economy isn't growing, which means that roughly there are a bunch of folks that are seeing contraction. I think that if you normalize on that view of the world, I think the cuts that Elon will affect will be meaningful and necessary.

If you pull up this chart, Nick, of the federal net outlays as a percentage of GDP, you get a good idea of the spending. You're at a flat, stalling economy. >>Corey: Well, if you look at this, we basically have had high teens during our lifetime, Clinton era, '70s and '80s, and then it's gone up into the '20s now, so that is definitely something the amount of spending we're doing.

>>Corey: Again, this is where you can get a little confused by data. Jason, this is net outlays, and that's different from total gross government spending, which also includes QE. If you go back to the other chart, why is this one going down and the other one represents 85% of GDP?

It's because that one is a more accurate sense of what the government is doing across all of its tentacles in the United States economy. It includes the money printer going brr, which the net outlays chart doesn't include. Just to be clear about what's happening, 85% of this quarter's GDP was induced by the government.

If you sub it out, so take 2.8% and multiply it by 0.15, that is the true growth X the United States government that exists in the United States economy today. >>Corey: Sax, your thoughts here on the GDP, obviously looks pretty good for Biden-Harris to have all these stats going in their favor, but there is the caveat, obviously, about the government spending in there.

>>Saxe: Yeah. No, I think that's right. I mean, I think that for Harris in this election, it's probably a little too late for this GDP report to be helpful. If you go back all the way to 1992 where the whole election hinged on the economy, remember that was Bill Clinton running against George H.W.

Bush and Clinton's message was, "It's the economy, stupid." >>Corey: Yep. >>Saxe: And- >>Corey: Carville, right? Came up with that. >>Saxe: Yeah, Carville said, and Clinton beat Bush because we had a recession in, I think, '91. But by '92, it was over already, and in the final week of the campaign, Bush tried to tout a similarly positive GDP report that showed 2.7% growth.

That report would later be revised up to 3.9% growth. So the recession was definitely over and the economy was growing again, and nonetheless, Bush lost because voters' impressions of the economy had already formed and solidified by the final week of the campaign. So I think it's probably too late here for the GDP numbers to have a big impact on the election.

I think the other thing is that voters' impression of this economy isn't based so much on the GDP numbers. It's really based on their perception of inflation over the last four years, and there's no question the cost of living has increased a lot over the last four years, and voters are really feeling that.

And that, I think, is playing into their perceptions of the economy, and I don't think that Harris has a great answer for that. So I think the bottom line here is I don't think this report's going to have a big impact on the election. In terms of where the economy is going, the thing that I would come back to is interest rates, and this is the thing that Freeberg was talking about, which is even though the Fed has cut rates by 50 basis points, the long-term rates, the 10-year treasury, has not gone down.

In fact, it's gone up slightly. It's gone up to, call it, 4.3%. And so we have this real issue where, as the Fed is cutting short rates, long rates are not going down. And I think that is because of the government deficit and the government debt and the fact that there's so much debt that needs to be serviced by the bond market.

And the market for treasuries. The buyers are all leaving the market for treasuries. The Chinese, we talked about this last week, have been selling down their treasury position. There just aren't buyers anymore, which is-- Right, and I think this could ultimately have a very detrimental effect on the economy.

You already saw that. I think this hasn't been widely reported, but I think it should be a major piece of news, which is the prime rate hit 8% today. So now it had a seven-handle on it before, and now it has an eight-handle on it. Well, this matters a lot if you want to buy a house and get a mortgage.

It's much more expensive. Then you got to think about all the people who already have debt. Doesn't this look recessionary? Totally, because a few years ago, you could get a home loan at a 3% to 4% interest rate. You know, and amortize that. Now your debt service cost can be twice as high.

So you just can't buy as much house. It's a very bad place if the economy is in the toilet, but we can't even talk about it because there is no structural way to get an accurate read because the government just perverts the effect it has in the economy. Like you can't have-- Distortions, yeah.

Yeah, distortion. Fine. You can't have a nonprofit entity representing the plurality of the economic activity of a country and expect the capital markets to function properly. At some point, the capital markets will basically throw their hands up in the air and puke it all out and say, "No." I think that you're starting to see a little bit of these fissures.

So I think we're going to have to clean up our balance sheet pretty aggressively here. Yeah, and if you look at the importance of that rate, that rate drives the value of bonds. As the current market rate for treasuries or for the prime rate climbs, the value of an existing bond that pays interest at a lower rate goes down because you have to pay a lower basis in order to get back to the new high rate that the market is telling you.

So there are several trillion dollars, and we can pull up the graph here, Nick, of loans and bonds that are sitting on the balance sheets of many commercial banks in the United States that are now so significantly underwater, where the value is now below the book that they paid for those loans or that they issued them at, that those banks now have unrealized losses.

I think that this number is one of the other kind of facts. You see a few articles come out here and there about this, but the number as the rates go up, the number of unrealized losses, the dollar value of the unrealized losses of banks' balance sheets in the United States has climbed so considerably that it represents a real crisis.

In fact, the unrealized losses on banks' balance sheets today is higher than it was in 2008. Trillions. It's trillions. It's trillions. Buffett warned B of A publicly. But he's been selling off. He sold off, right? B of A. He warned B of A publicly, although a bit obliquely, last year during his annual conference.

It was very clear. It's like, "Listen, this is an opportunity for folks to just mark to market these securities properly and/or sell them and get them off the books." I don't think B of A acted quickly enough. What did Buffett do? He just basically started dumping. He's almost completely out of B of A, if not completely out altogether.

There's a lot of talk- A crisis is brewing. There's a lot of talk in FinTWIT, if you go into the deep, far-reaching bowels of the FinTWIT community on X, that there is a huge credit crisis looming amongst some of these large charter-holding banks because of this exact issue. The relation between the Fed and the prime is typically 3%.

The Fed cuts rates, and then the banks put 3% on top of it when they give people credit worthy people, mortgages and credit cards. As the Fed cuts, this should come down, but if it went up, what explains that? I'm curious if anybody knows. The Fed sets short rates.

It sets the Fed funds rate, which is the rate of overnight lending between banks, but it does not set the 10-year treasury, for example, the long-term- The market sets that. The market sets that. The market sets it. It now requires a higher rate of interest in order to accept the risk of investing in those bonds.

Since it's a U.S. treasury, it's not really risk, it's more about the time value of money and their expectations of inflation, how much that money is going to be worth in the future. I think what we're seeing is that the Fed can cut short-term rates, but it hasn't had the impact on long-term rates that everyone was expecting.

I think everyone was expecting that we had this sort of burst in inflation, the famous 9% inflation rate. I think people were expecting that that would work its way through the system and that we'd get long-term rates back to where they were, but that's not happening. It's not happening for the reason we're saying, which is there's just too much debt out there.

Think about the impact on the real economy. Let's say that you're a homebuyer and you got a five-year interest-only ARM-type mortgage for your house. Tick-tock. Yeah. Now, you probably got that in the 3% to 4% range. If you have to refinance it this year at 8%, your monthly payment is going to double.

That has a real impact on people's wealth and on their spending power. Maybe they can't even support a payment like that. Now, go over to the commercial side and it's very similar. There's a lot of commercial real estate out there, buildings and so on, where they've got debt on it.

You can't get 30-year mortgages in commercial. The typical commercial loan is five to seven years. We're now coming up, I think, in the next few years on a lot of that debt will need to roll. It'll need to be refinanced. If it gets refinanced at twice the interest cost, roughly, a lot of those buildings may be underwater.

I mean, they may not be in composite. There's no equity value. There may be no equity value. A lot of people know this now, but they don't really have to mark those positions to market. If they did, their equity was zero, but they're all on borrowed time right now, hoping that rates will go back down.

What we're seeing is that the long rates are not going back down. It's a pretty scary proposition. Then, of course, a lot of the debt on those buildings, it's all owned by the commercial banks that you're talking about, the regional banks. They're sending out a lot of bad debt that they haven't had to mark to market.

They're just kind of hoping that this problem will get sorted out before there's a default. By the way, as these numbers climb, the cost to borrow for the federal government climbs. The new bonds, we have to reissue a good percent, I think nearly $10 trillion, I think, of our debt has to be reissued in the next year.

That's going to get reissued now at this higher rate. That higher rate means that the annual expense just to pay the interest on the existing debt is now climbing at a faster rate. That means you've got to issue more debt to pay for your interest on your current debt.

It's quite paradoxical that the Fed sets that rate. This becomes the compounding problem when your debt to GDP reaches a certain level and you don't reduce federal spending fast enough. It becomes a compounding problem you cannot get away from. This has been the beginning of the cataclysmic economic collapse of every great empire in the last 500 years.

I know I've said this. I could talk about it all day long, but this is how it starts, is it starts at a point where you're arithmetically not able to get out of your debt spiral. The markets are telling us that if the U.S. doesn't take drastic action in reducing its spending and reducing the deficit levels so that we can actually address the payment obligations on the outstanding debt that we've already issued, the U.S.

dollar is going to have a real problem and the creditworthiness of the United States is challenged. That's what the market says, but I know that there's other issues with the fact that there's no other better place to put money today and there's not a lot of other great economies out there and so on and so forth, but the stability of the United States, the hegemony of the United States and the dollar is challenged in part by the fact that you've got this BRICS organization out there now that has greater GDP in aggregate than the U.S., and so there may be an alternative that emerges in the next couple of years and maybe everyone's kind of putting their assets away in gold and Bitcoin and other stuff while they're waiting for the transition to find another place to buy.

We'll see. All right. Well, it's scary. But what it implies is if rates have roughly doubled, let's say, in the last few years and they're going to stay at that level, they're not going back down, it implies there's going to be a big deleveraging, right, because, you know, you can't support those interest payments.

I mean, let's say that you own a building, right, and now all of a sudden… Well, it's actually deleveraging or inflation because the alternative is the Fed monetizes the debt, they start buying all the bonds, which means you're pumping more U.S. dollars into the market, and that means that the cost of everything goes through the roof, so you have this effect of economic inflation, which is the way that you inflate away the debt problem, assuming people still want to use your currency.

Yeah. Well, I mean, that's at the government level. I mean, I was talking about the private sector. I mean, just think about it at the level of, like, an individual building, you've got a loan on it, now you need to refinance the loan, interest rates are twice as high, let's just say that that doesn't… the building no longer produces operating income at that level of debt, so you have to pay down some of your debt.

It's called an equity in refinancing, where you're not pulling money out, you're putting money in. You have to deleverage in order to make your sort of income statement work, right? It's just too much debt at that new level of interest rates. So if rates stay high, there's no choice but for many people to delever, whether it's on the commercial side or on the consumer side.

You just can't afford as much debt, right, at that higher interest rate. So think about the impact that has on the economy when everyone has to delever. That's a very negative effect. And then, of course, like you're saying, at the government level, you have to figure out what to do about that, because our interest payments on the debt are already, what, 20 to 25% of federal revenue?

Yeah, it's about $1.5 trillion. $1.5 trillion, yeah. It's about $2,500. So you already see it there, where there's less money to spend on current programs because you're paying for interest on the debt. So what do you do about that? So I think that the next president is going to face a pretty wicked set of problems and trade-offs here.

Even though the GDP numbers are fine, they're good, I still think there's like a wicked set of problems related to government debt and interest rates. And there's no way to really skin this cat without some pain. I think the only path is you have to cut spending, which is recessionary, government spending, which is recessionary, so you're going to trigger an economic recession.

You're going to have to have some amount of inflation, and you're going to have to have a spike in unemployment. And if you don't do the first two things, you're going to have a lot more inflation, which is really hard to get out of. Well, I agree. I agree that we have to cut.

There doesn't seem to be a win-win scenario here. There's no, yeah. I agree we have to cut government spending. I personally don't think it's recessionary. I think it helps the private sector when government gets cut. However... Because, Saxe, that means the private sector gets to service that function. The government won't be consuming all these resources that the private sector could use better.

It also won't have as many government bureaucrats acting as brake pedals on the private sector. So I tend to think that the government, the real economy will perform better with a smaller government. I think the reason why it won't happen is because it's politically difficult. It's extremely difficult to cut spending politically, right?

Right. Well, I mean, as we saw this cycle, every single proposal seemed to be a payoff to different constituencies. It was like Christmas for everybody. Right. Those line items got in the budget somehow, right? Somebody fought for every single line item in the budget, some special interest, and they're going to fight like hell to keep their appropriation.

It's not even special interest. It's the representatives in Congress doing their job, which is to fight for their constituents getting their fair share or their fair shake at the money that's being spent. And that's just the way that the legislative branch has evolved over time. If someone's getting something in order for me to vote for it, I want to get something too.

And so the whole thing over time becomes functionally inflationary. Right. I've seen it. I think that whole shell game might just be over now because there's no more money left. I mean, it's all been spent. In fact, you know what I mean? So like all the federal government probably will end up doing in the near future is entitlements and defense.

That's it. Because those are the core functions of the federal government. I think everything else that's sort of "discretionary" is probably going to get cut because there's no more money left. Tragedy of the commons, folks. Everybody acting in their self-interest and yeah, not a lot of coordination or ability to win office if you actually do what's in everybody's collective best interest and take the medicine.

Moving on through the docket, tech earnings this week, Google has a great quarter. Let's go over that a bit here, your alma mater, Freiburg. They beat top line and bottom line. Stock popped 5%. Looks like cloud and YouTube are the story here. Total revenue, let this sink in, 88.3 billion, up 15% year over year.

Freiburg was 49 billion of that. And their operating income is now up 34% year over year. I think the CFO is getting some work done there, 28.5 billion, and net income was 26.3 billion. Interestingly, people are expecting even larger profits. They got a new CFO over there who said they could push a little further on cost cutting.

And she said the company will use AI to cut costs by streamlining workflows and managing headcount physical footprint. I think that means more layoffs are coming to big tech. YouTube had a tremendous quarter, ad revenue 8.9 billion, Chamath, that's up 12%. But Sundar said something interesting. He said YouTube surpassed 50 billion in total revenue over the past year.

And so if you do a little botte math, that's the back of the envelope math for those of you at home who haven't heard that acronym. Google doesn't report YouTube's non ad revenue, but we know YouTube had 35 billion in ad revenue over the last year. That means they're doing about 15 billion in premium paid products.

YouTube TV, NFL Sunday Ticket, YouTube Premium, which is the greatest product ever, it takes ads out of YouTube, and makes it usable. So 70/30 split, cloud had a blowout quarter, Google Cloud, I see that all the time now. 11.4 billion in revenue on 35% annual growth with 1.9 billion in operating profit.

I mean, it's printing money. There are seven quasi monopolies in the world. They're all American, and if we allow them to flourish, we'll be good. If we hamper them a little bit, and allow other companies to pick up the white space, we'll be great. Over to you. Okay. There's your, that's called analysis.

And what if we break them up, Chamath? And if we break them up? I think that you'll have a lot more, the sum is greater than the parts. I mean, clearly YouTube would be one of the great companies right now. If you take the perspective of, if you own stock in any of these companies, the sum of the parts analysis would tell you that the breakup value is greater than the way that these companies get discounted.

You can look at the multiples that they trade at, and you can see that. So if you're a shareholder of the company, you actually silently probably want them broken up because you'll get individual shares that are each will be worth more. Separately, if you are a shareholder of the United States economy, you also probably want them broken up because then you'll just have many more companies creating economic value, which then drives the tax rolls, which benefit the United States balance sheet.

It's hard to see unless you're an employee of the company, or you derive a lot of ego from the existence of a company the way it is, that you would need it to stay where how it is. Well, let me challenge your point on two fronts. In Google's case, both YouTube and GCP required many, many, many, many billions of dollars of investment over many years.

Same with Waymo, by the way, at this point, that took a long time and a lot of capital to get the payback on. If those were standalone businesses, and they didn't have the profits being derived from search and ads over many years, they would not have been able to build those incredible businesses.

So if you do break these businesses up, what you do lose is the ability for an American juggernaut to be able just like Amazon did with AWS, and Apple did, and we can go through the list to build these new businesses that require the cash flows from the old businesses.

With separate companies, it becomes much harder to make that degree of an investment. That your set angle, that angle of belly aching is not going to pass muster because it's all about litigating the past. And you got to play the ball where it lies, where it lies is this business is in a position where you can probably demarcate four or five logical business units.

Again, I'm not saying that it should have for sure, but it will happen and the argument of but the past is not going to work. No, no, I'm not. I'm not disagreeing with your point about like, hey, if these things broke up, people would make money. I'm just I'm just trying to understand this point about American dynamism or whatever you want to call it, that these companies are all in America, they've all been successful because they've been led by amazing founders.

They've reinvested so much of the profit they've generated back into building insane new businesses that took a lot of capital and a lot of time. And eventually they paid off. And they became the next generation of ginormous new businesses that would have not have possibly existed if not for the will and the cash flows coming from those old businesses.

But you also have a companion economy in the capital markets where there's hundreds of billions of dollars that go and fill in the gaps. And I think the reality is the people in the capital markets are not stupid. And if these big companies hadn't spent hundreds of billions of dollars, the capital markets would have.

So I don't think that if Google, let's just play a scenario and I'm not trying to relitigate the past. But if Google did not own YouTube, what do you think would have been fine would have gotten funded and it would have been fine. It would have raised the billions and the reason for it because you do you remember YouTube had a real infrastructure under a serious lawsuit.

I think they would have shut down. The reason is because people are smart enough to understand when then there's the potential to make money. Okay. And the free markets do a really good job of highlighting where that's possible. Again, there is no point relitigating this, but I think it would have gotten funded.

Yeah. Why didn't AWS get funded with $10 million? Yeah. Because that's what open is, right? Why does why does core weave get funded today? How is core weave allowed to even exist? Why doesn't it all go? Because investors are smart. They see that there's an economic rationale for there being multiple players.

And then there's a smart founding team that creates a justification that gets it going. So the era of the monopolies monopoly on building new monopolies is over. I don't think it's I don't think it's ever existed, but I think the point is that big businesses are there to eventually grow a GDP so that they can be disrupted by small companies.

That's what you want, because if you had the same seven or eight companies, then you could make the argument that we should have stopped at the East West India Company and everything would have been great. It's not true. It is what we did with the railroads. It's what we did with the AT&T.

It's what we did with Standard Oil. Like when these when these monopolies were built in the US, they were all broken up. But hold on. It's not necessarily what we did. It's the boundary conditions that enabled other people to then go and fill the gaps. And I think that that's the economic boundary conditions.

You know, Sachs had this great tweet this past week, and I almost quote tweeted it, but I thought I don't want to create a lot more noise where there doesn't need to be paying attention now. But he had this tweet about taking back the licenses for the main broadcast channels.

And I thought that was an excellent thing. And I quote tweeted something where I was like, yeah, we should buy that for all in. And I said it half jokingly, but I didn't. Because I think that if those licenses were up for grabs, what would happen is a bunch of private equity people would get behind Rogan, a bunch of private equity people would get behind us and we would all bid and the outcome would be better.

So the point is that these small structural changes, and I know that it may seem large to break up Google. It's not. It's a small thing in the grand course of American business history. It's not going to really matter that much. Would be good generally through the lens of the individual shareholder and through the lens of the shareholder of the United States.

That's Sachs. Can you tell us about the broadcast licensing comment that you made? I thought it was actually pretty good, too. Yeah, there's a history to this. I mean, originally in the US, we had three major broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, NBC, and they were given licenses of public spectrum from the FCC.

And those licenses were free. But in exchange for them, the major broadcast networks had these various requirements to serve the public interest to be fair, pre pre cable. And this was right. This goes back like 100 years, just to be I think it's important to be clear, because I don't think everyone understands that back in the day, all the TV networks only broadcast over the air.

So they needed radio spectrum allocated to them to do that. Which was a you know, 100 year old kind of that's 100 year old situation doesn't exist anymore. Sorry. It was the only way to get information broadcast on TV was through this, this public spectrum. And so it kind of made sense in a world in which there are only three networks.

Because that was the only way to get information to have these fairness requirements and public interest requirements. And so it was heavily regulated. Well, now it's a century later, and there's so many ways to get information. You've got cable, obviously, meant that we went from three or four networks to hundreds.

And then of course, you've got the internet, and you've got streaming. So there's now an infinite number of ways to get information in real time, including video and that sort of thing. You've also got social networks, you've got x, and all the rest. So there's no shelf space limit anymore.

There's no scarcity. And so therefore, tying up this very valuable spectrum, by giving it for free to the to the broadcast networks, this doesn't really make sense in the same way. And what we should do is just auction off the spectrum, use the money to pay down the national debt.

And then in that way, it'll go to its most highly valued use, the market will figure out what that use is. If the broadcast networks are the most highly valued way to use this spectrum, then they'll win the auction. But I suspect they won't. It doesn't make sense. Isn't that exactly what they did?

They did this auction in 2016, right, for 15 years? They've been gradually auctioning off more spectrum. But we're talking about here, this is like the most choice valuable part of public spectrum. So for example, one of the reasons why the spectrum is valuable is because it can easily go through walls, right?

Like, you can watch your TV inside your house, and this broadcast spectrum is good at getting through those walls. Imagine the types of GPS apps you could enable with that kind of precision, right? So there's many other ways, in theory, that the spectrum could be used. And you would be able to unleash, I think, a lot of innovation in next generation wireless apps if the spectrum were available.

I don't think the public would lose anything because ABC, CBS, NBC, first of all, I mean, these networks are basically a commodity now. There's so many other ways to get news, and they'll still be available through the internet and through cable. So you're saying to speed up these auctions, because they do occur every 15 years or something to that.

I think what happens is that the licenses are actually granted to local stations, like your local ABC or whatever. WNBC. WNBC. Right? Yeah. And then collectively, they have a lobby called the NAB, or National Association of Broadcasters. And this is why they have so much power, is you've got all these local networks, let's call three or four of them in every geography, and they all come together as part of this lobby.

And so this is why nothing ever changes. But does this model still make sense? No. I mean, it's completely obsolete. But those local networks will all go crazy if they lose their free spectrum. Well, they pay for it. They don't get it for free. They don't pay for it now.

They get a free license from the FCC in exchange for the fairness requirement and these other requirements. I think that they pay billions of dollars for these and hundreds of millions on a local level. Not these licenses. No. Every six years or so, they come back up and they get renewed by the FCC.

I was just talking about the spectrum auctions. I'm looking at it right now. That's different. Yeah. Okay. All right. Interesting. No. Look, the FCC has auctioned spectrum before, but not the spectrum that the broadcast networks are sitting on, which is some of the most valuable spectrum. Got it. And the only reason why it's being used this way is because of legacy, because this is how it worked a hundred years ago.

Well, and then this parallels into, I think, some of the research that's going on right now around legacy media and trust in media. A bunch of reports have been coming out about this. It's not shocking to anybody who listens to this podcast, but confidence in institutions is tracked by a number of different organizations, Gallup being one of them.

And if we look at how Americans feel and trust has generally been going down in everything, the military. It's also being tracked in the WAPO op-ed section. Yeah, exactly. Are you going to pull that up, Jake, do you have that or no? Yeah, we'll talk about it. But here, if you take a look at from 2021, 2022, and into 2023, television news went from 16 down to 11, and back up to 14, but is amongst the lowest in terms of trust.

And 40% of Americans have no trust in media at all, according to this Gallup poll. Here's how it breaks down by party, Republican, Independent, and Democrats. Democrats by the Democrats, 58%, Independents 29%, Republicans 11%. In mass media, your thoughts, Friedberg, as we look at just trust in general, in institutions, this transitionary period we're in and specifically the media.

I do think we've talked about this a number of times in the past. So without rehashing too much, I think that many of the institutions that have offered media have had to move away from providing data and information because data and information has commoditized. It's available broadly through the internet and other places.

So the actual gathering of information is now democratized. You know, agencies put their data on their websites, stock markets are published on the internet. So the internet has democratized access to information. So the media companies that have historically been arbiters of information have had to become effectively content businesses.

They've had to provide more than just information. And what has happened is a iterative feedback system whereby the more kind of angry they can make someone, the more upset they can make someone, the more emotive they can make a reader or a viewer or a listener, the more clicks they get, the more the kind of limbic system triggers that consumer to come back and consume some more of their media.

And so the iterative development cycle is that things look like they're one side versus another side in nearly every context, in every piece of media. Everyone is opinionated and making a position point from a side, from a perceived side that they are representing because it is emotive to the readers and the readers come back and they align with that side and they want to have more of that because it incites their limbic system.

So that's what's happened. And as a result, when people look at it and assume that it's what it used to be, which is objective truth, fact finding information gathering, and it is not that they're like, well, this isn't even news anymore. And the truth is, it's not because information is democratized.

It's available to you anywhere and everywhere you want it. You can get it through citizen journalism, via blogs, via podcasts, via Twitter, via many other places. And so the legacy media companies have effectively become emotive content companies in order to drive clicks, drive views, sell ads. That's really all this whole story is.

And I don't think that that's going to shift. I don't think that Jeff Bezos has attempt to try and return WAPO back to being a fact finding organization is going to be successful. I think all the consumers that read WAPO today, they love the one sided nature. They love the bias that they read.

It makes them feel good. I think that the people that work there love the bias. They love writing those opinion pieces. It makes them feel good. I don't think anyone actually wants boring news anymore. Because you know what, they can go to a website from the government itself or from a company itself and just read the information.

And frankly, if they want to get unbiased, honest, factual information, there's 100 other sources. Well, and then here, the commentary, the comment, yeah, the commentary about off the cuff, etc. You know what that is? That's called authentic conversation. That is how people speak. When we all get together, we are not journalists, we are not necessarily well versed.

Let's be honest, we mess things up a lot. We say off the cuff comments that are wrong very often. But that's just how people speak. And it feels authentic. And when we do have signal, I think that listeners and viewers are smart enough to separate that signal from noise.

And they are going to make their own decisions about what they find to be truth and factual and what they're going to use to make decisions in their life. And that's, I think, how people want to consume information now. It's not being told what the truth is by some fake authority.

And here is a clip from the podcast last year. Podcasts could play a huge role, just like in 2016, social media broke through and played a huge role. I think in 2024, I think that podcast could break through and be the way that unorthodox candidates get their message out.

It could be the way all candidates get their message out. We're moving from traditional media defining these candidates to direct to consumer, direct through Twitter/X, direct through podcasts, this podcast included. What we're witnessing right now is the transition from traditional media and the establishment defining who the great candidates are to the public and the people on podcasts and social media who are the tip of the spear on the vanguard.

They're going to pick the winners. I love you both. You guys totally nailed it. Look at that. Sax, your thoughts on this sort of transition? Interestingly, as we know, Rogan had Trump on, over 40 million views now. I think they're up to 100 million views now for that Rogan/Trump interview.

Despite the fact that you literally could not find it if you search for it in Google or YouTube. Quite amazing. Well, we'll get to that in a second. Yeah, that's an interesting one. I got to take on that, but what do you take from Rogan getting, let's say, many more views than the last two presidential debates?

Trump/Harris, 67 million viewers, Trump/Biden, 51 million viewers. I think maybe Rogan combined with his two episodes will get more than the first two debates. Yeah, look, I think this is the first podcast election where you can make the argument that podcasts will decide the election. There's a couple of reasons for that.

One is podcasts have gotten big enough that there's enough audience that they just have the reach now to play a big role. Second, the format is highly informative to viewers. You get to see a candidate expound in long form, being asked questions and having to go for potentially hours at a time.

Trump went for three hours with Rogan, and it's very hard to hide who you are when you're going for that period of time in an unscripted environment. I would argue even the hour that Trump spent with us demonstrated that he knew a lot more about policy issues than people were giving him credit for, and it also showed his personality was a lot different than the media had portrayed him.

So I think that podcasts have been a great advantage for Trump. He's been willing to do them, and I think he does them quite well. I think it's particularly helpful to him in a context where the legacy media has been trying to portray him as a very extreme figure, as literally a Nazi or literally the reincarnation of Adolf Hitler.

When the media is telling the audience that you're that, and then you can go on Rogan for three hours and show that you're a normal, funny guy who actually knows a lot about policy, this is such a different impression than what the media is trying to portray that it's been incredibly, I think, useful and advantageous for Trump.

By the same token, Kamala Harris has not been willing to do Rogan, at least not on Rogan's terms. Apparently, she was willing to sit down for one hour with him, but- But not in Austin, according to- But not in Austin. What Rogan said is, "No, we have to sit down in our studio for three hours." So far, she hasn't been willing to do that.

I think that speaks volumes in and of itself, is that she hasn't been willing to subject herself to the same sort of, you could call it interrogation or really just long-form conversation that Trump has been willing to. But in any event, just I think my bottom line on this is that I think Trump's biggest challenge in this election is just to get people comfortable with the idea of a second Trump term, to get people comfortable with him.

And I think that him going on all these podcasts, including ours, including I thought the Andrew Schultz one was really good too, has helped him, I think, just get people comfortable with the idea of Trump, which I think was just his biggest obstacle in this election. Because people definitely want to change, and they're not happy with Biden and Harris.

The one thing I'll say is, before you go on Rogan, there's a sense of anxiety that I had, which was, "Do I have enough interesting things to say for three hours?" That was really at the top of my mind. I think, Jason, I talked to you right before I went on, and that was a big thing for me.

And then you go and you get in the seat, and he's incredible in the way that he moves the conversation along. And then you end up, you're like, "Oh, it's already been three hours." That's his superpower. The reason that she should find a way to go to Austin and do it is because he has the ability to allow you to be your true self over a long period of time.

And I think, again, just going back to the basics, she deserves for herself, for the American people to vote up or down who she really is. And all the campaign strategists aside, and all of the other nonsense aside, I would want if I was running for president, one shot at people being able to see me for who I really am.

And that's why she should go on Rogan. I think she's afraid of that. I mean, she has mostly ducked media interviews and ducked any podcasts that would be perceived as adversarial or not super friendly. But she stopped ducking them, I think, in fairness to her, maybe after she was in the third or fourth week, she started doing them.

Yeah, she's done Call Me Daddy. She's done Howard Stern. She's done the ones that she knew would be super friendly. Yeah, of course. Yeah. Doing adversarial is probably... But don't you think that Trump did our show because he thought it would be friendly? Yeah, he started with friendlies, yeah.

Yeah, why would he do oppositional? When Trump did... I mean, we were on the first podcast he went on. Were we the first... Kamala went on that Fox... She went on that Fox News thing. She did Fox News for 26 minutes, Friedberg, and her staff was waving. They were on the sidelines waving frantically to get her off of there.

But in any event, were we the first podcast to interview Trump? Second. The Nelk boys were first. I guess we were second. I think that it was really unclear what would happen when you put a major candidate for president on a podcast for an hour at the time he did it.

I think he took a little bit of a risk, and I think it worked out for him, and then he's done a lot more since then. I mean, other than Rogan, Rogan and us have consistently tried to get everybody on all sides to be on the podcast. I think we did a really good job looking back on...

We've gotten everybody except one person, Kamala Harris. Yeah. I mean, I wish I had time to have asked him about... We had all the Dems. ...January 6th. We had all the senior Dems. That was the only thing I didn't get to on my questions. We had all the independents, and we had all the credible Republicans.

And to his credit. By the elections. We were the first for RFK, right? We were the first for RFK. Yeah, he credits us. First for Dean Phillips. Dean Phillips. And Vivek. First for Vivek. I think we were the first for Vivek, and so, yeah, I give us some credit there.

On the search issue, I looked into that, there, Vivek, sorry, I always get that wrong. The search issue, there was some complaints that YouTube might have been, like, I don't know, hiding the video, which didn't make much sense to people, so I did an investigation of that, Sax. You're laughing.

Go ahead. Well, finish what you're saying. No, no, no, go ahead. I have a different point of view than you on this, but. I didn't even get my point of view. I know, I've seen it on Twitter, but keep going. Oh, well, no, I did a search on Bing.

You're gonna defend Google, I know. No, no, I'm not defending Google. I'm just explaining to people how search works, independent of it. I went to Bing, DuckDuckGo, search.brave.com, Google, YouTube, Google Video, and what people don't understand about how the search algorithms work is they are designed to increase advertising dollars, and Freeberg will back me up this, he worked at Google, and session length.

That's the goal. Am I correct, Freeberg, with algorithms, whether it's TikTok, YouTubes, et cetera? Yeah, I'm not gonna-- Increase session time and increase revenue. I know more about search results, I don't know as much about the video stuff, so. So when you look at that, it's a very nuanced thing, but Joe Rogan doesn't monetize his search.

It does not make any money for them, and then clips do make money for YouTube, and the clips have flooded the zone. So if you do a search on any search engine, whether it's Bing, or Brave, or DuckDuckGo, Google, or YouTube, any of them, what you'll find is the clips beat out the main episodes all the time.

This happens to our podcast. When people clip our podcast, they will do keyword stuffing, and they'll beat us, and we'll beat the algorithm, because the algorithm wants to get ads, and we don't have ads turned on either. So people have this frequent frustration with This Week in Startups, my other podcast, All In Here, and Joe Rogan, that anything that's not monetized on YouTube doesn't rank high.

And if you look, all of the clips, and this makes sense, if you just think logically, the clips will generate more engagement, because you get to watch the highlights. So it's kind of like sports highlights. Sacks, would you like to conspiracy theory this and tell us that Sergey is sandbagging for the Democrats or something by hiding the YouTube video?

Well, I don't think it's a conspiracy theory. I mean, if you go to Google every single day and just type in a Trump-related search term versus a Kamala-related search term, you'll see the difference in coverage. But back to the Rogan thing, look, Google is a search engine. This is what they're supposed to be good at.

You have an interview between the biggest podcaster in the world and a former president who's probably the most famous person in the world. It's massively trending. It's got something like 100 million views. At the time that people noticed that you couldn't find it on YouTube, it already had something like 34 million views.

What I'm saying is, you have to work pretty hard as a search engine for your algorithm to be so bad that you can't find that interview. When I went to YouTube and tried to find it, first I typed in Trump-Rogan interview, couldn't find it. Second, I typed Trump-Rogan interview podcast, couldn't find it, it was just collapsed.

It was Trump-Rogan full interview, full podcast, still couldn't find it. There's no question that this is a factual matter. This episode was suppressed in YouTube search. If you went to the main Google search engine and did a similar search, what you would have found as the number one search result was an article from the Arizona Republic, which is a publication I've never even heard of, that would have told you that the Rogan interview with Trump was a brain-rotted waste of three hours.

That's the number one result. Somehow Google decides that its number one result for the Rogan interview was this Arizona Republic story. That is not a search engine doing its job. It's pretty obvious to me that they're using other factors in deciding what to surface here, and somehow the results end up being almost universally negative towards Trump and almost universally positive towards Kamala.

I think you've got to, at this point, have your head buried really deep in the sand not to think that Google is incredibly biased in this election against Trump. So, let me pull up some facts to show how wrong you are. If you pull up YouTube here, here's an image of the YouTube search results that I just did for the Trump Rogan, and what you'll see is, as I explained previously, clips perform better and make money.

They make money, so the algorithm favors those, and what you'll see here is Fox News, et cetera, and all these clips, and then eventually you get to the Joe Rogan interview. If you look at Bing search results for Rogan Trump interview, what you'll see is all the search engines put news up first, then they go to organic, so it's just a fundamental misunderstanding of how search is designed for users.

They start with news on every search engine today, and then here's Google's same thing, and then what you'll see here is, on the Google and on the Bing images, you have a collection, you know, typically five or six news stories, then they go to the first organic, so people just don't understand how search works.

It's always news first when you type in a politician's name, and then when you look at the news, it has New York Post right-leaning. You have people who are dead center like AP in there, and you have Fox News there in the Google one. Of the first five, two of them are right-leaning, and AP is obviously in the middle, Forbes, I don't know, maybe Forbes is right-leaning too, Freeberg, over to you.

Well, I was going to say, I read somewhere, so I have no direct knowledge about this, I actually pinged several people at Google to ask them what was going on, and I did not get a clear response, so like I have no insight as to what actually happened, but what I read online somewhere was that someone reported that someone at Google said that there was kind of a whole bunch of people that clicked inappropriate content flagging on the video, so like anti-Trump people went to the video, clicked that it was inappropriate, and when YouTube gets that many people clicking that this is inappropriate, it automatically flags it.

Mass flagging, yes. It is a technique people will use, they've used it on our program here, where they flag it. They flag it and then people that say at once like, "Hey, there's inappropriate content in here." The default is to hide the video from search results while it's investigated, but clearly there's something messed up here because they should have been on top of that and responded immediately with a video that has such a large number of views and such a large audience to allow that to happen and drag on for so long, but someone said that that may have been what happened and then they fixed it, so I don't know, but I just want to point that out, that it may not necessarily have been overt action by Google, but just the way that the system is set up that anyone can flag and if enough people flag, you get the sort of trigger.

I can tell you, I know firsthand that Google is aware of the claims of bias and I think you're starting to see it, just like CNN is aware of the claims of bias and they added … Totally. CNN is aware of the claims of bias. They're super sensitive. All these companies are super sensitive to it.

They're so is Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg's very sensitive to it. I know Sundar himself is very sensitive to it. I don't want to kind of hide the fact that these people think that they're going out and being biased, that they have these kind of information empires because they know that they're going to lose trust and they're going to lose customers and revenue and etc.

CNN has done, I think, an exceptional job. I don't know if you watch it at all, Sax, but they have been having Trump supporters and right-wing commentators in CNN on the desk every … They have? Yes. It's really changed the nature of it from being like MSNBC or Fox … Did you know that, Sax?

To being something in the middle. I didn't know that. I've never … I never watch these shows, but like … Before we go off on this topic, people throughout this election have been posting Google search results when you just type in Trump versus Harris, and I've done it. Every single time it's massively biased.

I mean, let's just go through them. This was a search result I got months ago where I just typed in Donald Trump and the first carousel was about Kamala Harris. I remember joking on the pod that if you want to find the latest news about Kamala Harris, just search for Donald Trump.

And then you go down and the first carousel that's about Trump is negative stories. This one was about Project 2025, which has nothing to do with Trump. Nonetheless, this was a major Democratic talking point at the time is that somehow that Project 2025 is what Trump would do in a second term.

I just did this and it's different now, obviously. You said this is a few months old? I've been doing this on a recurring basis over the last few months. The point is that whenever you search for the candidates, the news is very positive towards Harris and it's very negative towards Trump.

And even when you search for Trump, they'll give you positive news about Harris. Now go to the podcast … And again, Sax, you don't think this is a function of the fact that so many media outlets are being so negative about Trump and positive about Harris, and so therefore the ratio is just off the media?

How does the Arizona Republic end up being the first choice when you search for Rogan Trump? They're not … PageRank can't explain that. They're just not a major publication. They're not being linked to by a lot of people. Doesn't make any sense. Here's another example. Okay. Stay on this one for a second.

This was after Trump went on the Andrew Schultz podcast. That podcast was a very positive experience for him, as we just talked about, helped his campaign a lot. What's the number one result when you look for that? New Republic, podcast host laughing Trump face as he struggles to defend rambling.

That's when he had that hilarious story about the weave. If you actually watch the clip, the podcast hosts, they were definitely laughing with him. They were not laughing at him. That was a ridiculous mischaracterization. The New Republic is not the objective source for anything. I don't know how you could say that objectively PageRank should get you to the New Republic as the number one source for the Andrew Schultz interview of Trump.

That is bias. I mean, it's just bias. There's been so many examples of Google giving these ridiculous results and they find obscure publications and obscure articles that have no basis in the truth to elevate to the top. It's almost like they're trying to find the most negative article they can find on Trump and make that the number one result.

Yeah. It's not the search engine. It's just the corpus of media that's being indexed. If you look here at Google- Why isn't it New York Times then? That's the number one thing. Well, I mean, just here, if you look at Donald Trump, if we were to look at these news sources, there's NBC, NPR, Politico, and New York Times are left-leaning.

If you were to do this on, I think I have Bing as the next one you can open and you can look at the next one, Nick, which is DuckDuckGo. In all of these cases, the problem is only three or 4% of journalists at publications today are right-leaning, and most of the right-leaning publications are opinion publications like Fox, et cetera, and so you don't have a lot of representation in the index of Republicans.

And that's a big opportunity, I think, for Republicans is to make more publications or take more publications over, like we're seeing with the LA Times and Washington Post, which I think are going to move right- Publications if Google would choose to surface them, but it decides that it doesn't want to.

It's on a percentage basis, it's very small is the problem. Here you go. This is Arizona Republic rocketing to the top of search results for Joe Rogan Trump interview. That's a publication that is local to Arizona, that no one's ever heard of, it has no basis being the number one result in Google.

New York Times is second. Okay, I can see the logic of that because New York Times is a big publication. Then you go down one row to the carousel, oh, there's New York Public again. Why? Because it's calling Trump appearing on Joe Rogan shady. And then you've got another one, you've got another one there from the Independent calling Trump a predator.

I mean, come on. This is ridiculous. Okay, so you've shared these examples. What I would recommend is I think we get someone from Google on the show, we could arrange that and they can kind of talk about how the algorithm works, because I don't think any of us are going to be able to provide a reasonable counterpoint or understanding of what's going on.

But if there is bias, and there's some kind of manual intervention in this, in this process, maybe it can be kind of discussed and talked about why and how and, you know, what the automation is that causes this to happen. And let's just try and let's try and let's try and I'll take that as a to do and I'll try and find someone that we can talk to listen, the conversation they do I look, I mean, I've talked with a lot of people over there.

And I have heard from a lot of folks that this is a real issue that folks are trying to address internally, so that there's this perception of bias that they're trying to get rid of. And they really want to address it. This is what I've heard from people at Google.

So I want to give them a chance to pull up the thing rather than having us all debated or I don't even have a strong point of view on this, I'd rather just bring someone in and talk about it. So just as a counterpoint here, Nick, pull up the thing I just did for Donald Trump.

And we'll just if you do it as an exercise, that's always the way to find the objective truth here is to try the independent search engines or other search engines, DuckDuckGo brave, perplexing. perplexing. Well, yeah, you can do that as well. We'll see. But if you look here, this being one, if you take out MSN, well, no, if you go MSN woke woke search.com, check out MSN, USA Today, Charlotte Observer, Seattle Times, Washington Post, I think these are all left leaning.

So that is more to my point that the entire corpus of news reportage is 95% left leaning. That's what's happening here. And so they need to they're going to need to manually sacks, say these 5% should get represented 5050. In the search results to please the other side, even though that's not what the corpus is.

And the number of stories written by left leaning just is probably 50 to one to right leaning. Moving on through I have an alternate explanation. We just got this. This just got some data. I'd like to just pull up this data if I could look at employee donations to party.

We've looked at tech companies. It's all 90 something percent goes to Democrats separate very simple explanation for why the Google search results are horribly biased in one direction, Uber's 18%. All right. Let's go to our final segment here. We'll talk a little bit about the election. Why don't you tee us up here?

Freeberg. All right, guys, I'll quickly introduce our final political election update before our live stream on Tuesday, obviously, a lot of daily freakouts, daily efforts at having an October surprise that will take down the other side, all sorts of drama, all sorts of insult, not a lot of love in America right now.

Super depressing and sad. All sorts of stuff happened this week. J. Cal, once you kick us off, what do you think is going to happen on Tuesday? What are the things that you think are going to move people between now and then? It's a toss up. I mean, that's what everybody's saying.

It looks like Trump's got a slight lead. So I think it's going to be a toss up. Sachs. Agreed. Are we 65, 35 as Polly Market predicts or are we 100% Trump or we 90% Kamala Harris? What are we looking at? Well, you definitely can't say it's going to be 100% anyone.

I mean, but if again, if you look at all the data, the data is definitely pointing towards Trump having an advantage. Obviously, the prediction markets are almost two to one in favor of Trump. The polling shows that Trump is ahead narrowly in all the swing states. I think every single one of them, even the sort of blue wall states of Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, that Harris must win, I think, in order to have a path to victory.

Whereas Michigan and Wisconsin are very, very close, like 1% or less in the swing state polls, Pennsylvania polling shows that Trump is ahead by, I think, two or three. That's what I've seen today. So it is looking good for Trump. And if you look at the numbers that Elon's group, that America PAC put out, it looks like the early voting in Pennsylvania is trending 500,000 votes better for Republicans in the early voting than four years ago.

So it sucks. Is that just pulling votes forward? It could be. It could be. It could be. Instead of showing up at the ballot box on Tuesday, a lot of folks are doing mail-ins and making sure they get their vote in in mail instead of going in person. So then you've got to look at polling of people who say they're going to vote but haven't voted yet in Pennsylvania, who say they're going to vote on election day.

And I think those numbers are running about 18 points ahead for Trump, which is about double what he needs to win. So just to be clear, the early voting favors Harris, but not by the same percentages that it did four years ago. So right now, it looks like Trump is tracking to win that state.

But look, I can't guarantee it. I'm not representing that. That's exactly what's going to happen. But right now, the numbers are looking good. Remember, Biden only won Pennsylvania by 80,000 votes. And again, the swing so far is Republicans are doing 500,000 votes better than they were doing four years ago.

So there's a lot of stories coming out on Twitter, on independent media, and on mainstream media, or legacy media, as we might call it now, talking about, "Hey, I live in a house. I got 15 ballots mailed to me," all with different random names. And these sort of anecdotal stories are being pushed and then amplified by folks that are involved in the election.

Chamath, is this kind of dangerous? Do we think that there really is a lot of this kind of election meddling happening? And if not, or if there is, is this kind of a dangerous thing to happen, where a lot of people are talking about this, where no matter what happens on Tuesday, people start to question the results of the election?

How much should we be kind of worried about this rhetoric? I think there are two things. There's the substance, and then there's the strategy. The substance is that, does it really make sense that the most advanced and important country in the world doesn't have a uniform system where one ballot is given to every single American citizen who is eligible to vote?

That probably makes sense, so we should probably just figure out how to do that. Separately, the strategy of it is for both sides to lay the groundwork to say that this thing somehow wasn't totally right down the middle. I am hoping for a very clear, decisive victory. And frankly, whichever candidate wins, I hope that it's very clear and decisive so that everybody is forced to de-escalate and move on.

Now, that said, I think what the early voting data shows is something that you haven't seen in the past, which is that there are a lot of Republican people that are voting early. I don't know what that means for Election Day, but typically it's the Democrats that dominate these early voting processes, and they build what's called the firewall.

And in these swing states, these firewalls become very important going into Election Day. And as Zach said, a bunch of these states are different than they've historically been in the favor of the Republicans. I saw an article today that just said that they've basically considered Nevada now in the Republican camp, because there's been so much early voting that it's about 60% of the total votes they think have already been cast, since they have a very clear Republican lead going into Election Day.

So there's all kinds of stuff here that's new. I just hope that it's just an absolutely crushing victory in one direction or the other, so that we de-escalate and get on to the business of running the country. So I'm going to break with most of my Republican brethren on this and say, I think early voting is actually a good thing.

It's very convenient. Right? You don't have to force people to only vote on just one day, because what if you get sick or a kid gets sick and you have to pick them up from school? There's a lot of things that can go wrong. It is more convenient to have, say, two or three weeks to be able to cast your vote.

I actually think that's not a bad thing. And in terms of who it helps, I'm not sure. But I think that as Republicans become more of a populist party and the Democrats become more of an elitist party, I think higher turnout might actually...might benefit Republicans regardless. So I think it's a huge convenience for voters, and I think early voting is something that we should keep.

The thing we got to change is in the states where you don't have to present any voter ID to show who you are, that's just crazy. I mean, you just...you go up to the polling place and you give your name and I guess your address, and they look you up on a computer and they hand you a ballot, and there's no verification that you are who you say you are.

That to me is crazy. The other thing that's crazy is that you can even get registered and added to the voter rolls in a lot of states without any proof of citizenship. So there are states where you can go get a driver's license without proof of citizenship, and there's just a checkbox to be added to the voter rolls, and no one ever checks you're a citizen, and now you're on the voter roll and you can go pick up your ballot without any voter ID.

That's just crazy to me. So I think that after this election, there should be some sort of bill that gets passed and signed by the president that sets a minimum standard for voter integrity. And I... For federal election. For federal election. For federal elections, right. Because states can do what they want, right?

Like each state can vote how they want. I guess states can do what they want, but I don't think states should be able to do whatever they want in federal elections because that affects all of us. I want to point out that each state is effectively voting for the folks that they want to have go to the electoral college, and that's really where the vote for president is cast.

So should there be... Yeah, but that affects all of us. I mean, if there's cheating in several states and in a close election, by the way, I'm not accusing that of happening, okay? I'm just saying that if we have several states that don't have basic voter integrity, and that affects the outcome of a national election, that has a huge impact on all of us.

Let's just talk about this really important point, which I think a lot of folks ignore. It's not a direct democracy. It's not like everyone in the United States votes for the president. What happens is the states send a bunch of electors to go vote for the president. Each state casts a vote for the president.

How each state ultimately decides who they're going to vote for for president is through this kind of process that we've kind of standardized across the states, but each state is making a vote. So shouldn't the states be able to kind of decide how they want to make their kind of voting process run internally to determine who the folks are that are going to go to the electoral college?

Yeah. I mean, I think the constitution specifies that the states will run their own elections, and I'm fine with that, but what I'm saying is there needs to be a minimum standard. To me, the minimum standard is voter ID and proof of citizenship to get registered. I'm in strong agreement with Sachs on this front, and I've actually done a ton of research into it that I would like to share, because I think this is an important service we can do here on the All In podcast, I think.

I had Hans... So as a diehard moderate, you agree with Sachs? I mean, as an American, putting political parties aside, I had Hans von Spakovsky of the Heritage Foundation on This Week in Startups last Tuesday, you can watch it, and they have spent a ton of money and time on election fraud, and obviously they're a partisan organization.

They found 1,600 cases in 40 years, it's about 40 a year. They found 23 cases in 2020, none of them were in Georgia. You can go search those cases, and you'll find cases like this one here that Nick will pull up, Randy Allen Jumper, who voted twice, and the database is amazing.

They're crowdsourcing this, and so putting all partisan aside, the Heritage Foundation is doing great work here because sunlight is the best disinfectant, and what's really important for Americans to understand is it is impossible right now, absolutely statistically impossible to swing the presidential election with fraud. The Brennan Center, they're on the other side, they did a report about voter fraud, and they put it at 0.0003% and 0.0025%, and basically you've got a much greater chance of being struck by lightning.

And let's just do a little bit of math here, 158 million people voted in 2020, we'll have about 160 million this year, if the estimates are correct, and if you look at swing states, right, that's where I think a lot of people are concerned, "Oh, what if they could swing it in Georgia?" Right?

And we all know from the famous phone call to Brad Raffensperger, who's a Republican, Secretary of State, and Trump said, "Hey, you know, we've got to find these 11,780 votes," that was the winning margin. So if we were to talk about that, right, and we compare it to what the Heritage Foundation found, 1,600 cases documented in 40 years, about 40 a year.

Now there could be a multiple of that, Freiburg, 10 times, 100 times, but to find 11,000 ballots, this would require, in Georgia, for, which has voter ID, and by the way, voter ID is in 35 of 50 states already, after this election, it's going to hit 40, because it's just obvious that we all want that.

Georgia requires you to have ID to vote in person, and you have to water, and they've watermarked the ballots. So in order, Shamoff, for somebody to do this, they would have to fake 12,000 watermarked ballots and have fake IDs, and have those 12,000 people not show up to vote and have two votes there.

Then, if you were to- Well, it looks like Georgia's got a great system, but we're talking about the states that don't. Yeah, yeah. Like in California, they just passed a law saying that you're not allowed to look at voter ID. Right, and so that obviously should change, but the point is, even in California, which we know is- Sorry, California did that?

Why do you guys think such a law is passed? What's the justification for that? They want to not have somebody who had a chance to vote vote, and it obviously benefits Democrats, if you believe that minorities don't have ID in some greater population, which people have rightly called out is racist, and there is this concept that black people or Hispanic people might not have IDs to the same extent, and they would lean Democrat.

That is the cynical approach that people have taken. But if we look at this, it is impossible, impossible to swing the federal election- Wait, wait, don't skip over this. Sorry, Jason, you're saying it's a DEI thing? That's what people claim. I'm not saying I claim that. And I think that's condescending and nonsense to act like minorities don't have a driver's license.

It's ridiculous. I mean, it's ridiculous. Or some other form of ID. I think it's absolutely ridiculous. To answer your question, Chamath, I don't think there is a good justification for rejecting voter ID, and the law is even worse than that, because it literally makes it illegal for someone to ask.

So if you go to a polling place in California, they can't look at your ID. Even if you say, "Well, I lost my ballot," or something, they just have to take your word for it when they give you a new ballot. There's a legal requirement for every employer, when you hire somebody, to make sure that that person is eligible to work in the United States, if you're going to pay them legally, right?

You get an I-9, and they need to justify that they have a social security number. That typically tells you whether you need a supplemental work authorization or not. So if you do that for normal, functional employment, why wouldn't you do it for voting as well? Of course. You need an ID to get on a plane.

You need an ID to buy a beer. You need an ID to do all sorts of things in our society. So it's ludicrous. Voting is something where you should need an ID, because you have to match up that the person who's standing in front of you at the ballot box is the person on the voter rolls.

But why is it more important to make sure that the person sitting in 23B on the United Flight is who he says it is, but it's less important for someone to just walk in off the street and vote for the President of the United States? Why is that? Because people believe that certain communities may not have ID, and then they would be not given the right to vote.

Why don't you allow people to just get on an airplane and just fly wherever they want? Yeah, or drive without a driver's license. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I'm not saying I agree with that. It's just, I'm telling you what people have said is the reason. I think it's cover.

I think that's total nonsense. I think it's actually, if you think about it, it's insulting to minority groups to imply that they're incapable of getting a voter ID. When you say people, you're saying people in charge? The people in charge of California, this is what they think? Yes. And it turns out...

It's not what they think. They're trying to enable cheating. We haven't had a voter ID. They wanted, not every state has government ID that isn't a driver's license. Is this Gavin Newsom? Yeah. Right. So this is Gavin Newsom. It's obvious to see what the effect of this is going to be, which is it makes it easier to engage in cheating.

Do you guys think if Gavin Newsom was on an airplane, and we said, "Half these people here have just bought a ticket, but we didn't check their IDs," would he get off the plane or stay on the plane? Do you think? I think TSA requires IDs so that they can do a check on everyone, make sure that they're not on a do not fly list and all that sort of stuff.

There's consensus that everybody wants voter ID. I think you can kind of think about a, there's a do not fly list, and there should be a do not vote list. Like, if you're not a citizen, you should be on the do not vote list, meaning you have to be on the I can vote list in order to vote.

It seems pretty reasonable. The fact that we've got a lot of federal agencies checking IDs to determine whether you can or can't do something. I think there is no way to swing the election, even if there is a moderate amount. That is the most important for people to take out.

So you're not worried about election fraud. Partisan election fraud. I don't know how you can draw that conclusion. If people can cheat, then you can swing an election. You can draw it statistically based upon what I've just said, which is the smallest race is 11,779. Remember when Trump asked them to find those votes?

Do you remember that? We're talking about the state of Georgia, which I think actually has integrity. We're talking about the state of California here. That's the closest race just passed. Just in your mind, in your mind, logically think about what it would take to get 11,779 people to fraudulently do that, and that they would go to jail and it'd be a felony.

So this is that hard to me. I'm just saying like, how would you do 11,000 votes or whatever doesn't seem that hard if there's no voter ID? It's not possible. Where would you get 11,000 ballots? Maybe not in Georgia, because they actually have voter integrity. Even in California. Where would you get 11,000 ballots?

Hold on a second. California is a huge state. They allow ballot harvesting and they've eliminated voter ID. So you're telling me that's impossible for someone to cheat? Nothing's impossible. No, no. Cheating, we all agree cheating exists. Like credit fraud, fraud exists. What I'm saying is it's so manageable that is farcical for anybody to think that we could swing the presidential election because Trump tried to swing the presidential election by asking to find 11,000 and he filed 58 lawsuits and lost all of them.

It's not possible for you. Do you think so? Then what is the value then of having voter ID, Jason, if the cheating is so hard? Because it would add more trust to the system and it's always virtuous to add more trust. I think they should also give you a receipt when you vote to make sure there's no shenanigans.

And we want to build as much trust in the system as possible. But the point here- I would give you a receipt to reduce fraud? It would reduce people believing that their vote was changed after they left the box. So if we all had a receipt, and then there was some debate in a small area because of, you know, hanging chads like in Florida, everybody would have their receipt.

And if you remember the hanging chads case, there were people who said, I voted for Gore, I voted for Bush, and my vote got counted wrong. People don't remember this, but you had to push through a card and it popped a chad out of a little circle. And there are people who did it wrong because the instructions were, you know, it's a physical thing.

You have to punch a hole into it. I don't know who came up with that system as opposed to drawing a circle. But that was 24 years ago. I'm sure that's changed by now. There was a guy named Chad. Yeah. But no, now they are giving receipts to people.

So the gold standard is giving a receipt showing ID and having multiple weeks to do it. And so if anybody's taking anything away from this, there can be cheating, but it cannot swing the president. Okay, so Jason's going in, can I make a point? So you mentioned, I think, fraud rates, credit card fraud rates, didn't you?

I think that's one of the things you mentioned. Well, the same way, we don't worry about credit card fraud, because there's a certain tiny amount of it in the system. But in this case, it would be a magnitude more than voter fraud. Voter fraud is extremely rare, because there's no incentive to cheat that would be worth going to jail for.

And that's why people generally don't cheat in these elections, because the cost is so great. I was the COO of a payments company. So let me, oh, actually, sorry, that was Saks, sorry, go ahead, Saks. Let me explain how this actually works, since I was founding COO of PayPal.

To be clear, one in a million chance of credit card fraud, can I just explain this to the audience? Sure. Okay, you can create all the models you want. And you can create an expectation of future fraud based on the prior fraud rates. However, if you change your verification standards, that data is no longer relevant.

If you create a loophole big enough for a fraudster to drive a truck through, then if a fraudster figures that out, you could have infinite amounts of fraud. In other words, the historical fraud rate may not be predictive of future fraud if you change the verification standards. And I would say that the state of California, signing a bill that prohibits voter ID might be such a loophole.

So I don't see how you can say with this kind of certainty and confidence that you're saying that no fraud could ever swing an election. Of course, fraud could swing an election. It could swing the presidential election. It could swing a tiny election in a state or in a local place.

Of course it could because there's a very small number. Well, I'm not really interested in finding out. What I believe is that there are some- Yeah, no, I'm just talking about logic. There are some verification- How would you do 11,000 is the question. It would be incredibly difficult to do 11,000.

Trump tried to swing 11,000. If you create a big enough loophole, it doesn't sound that hard to me. It just doesn't matter common sense. I don't think you can say that something is impossible. What we should do is simply tighten up these requirements. There's no excuse- We're in agreement about that.

I'm just talking about in this election- There's no excuse for a state banning voter ID. So- In this election, you don't have to worry. 35 out of 50 states- So, I hope that starting in January, we pass a national voter ID law that's the minimum standard for states. 100%.

We all agree on that. 100%. We all agree on that. Yes. I'm just saying in this election, practically 35 out of 50 states have voter ID and the ones that don't, the closest margin is 11,700. This time next week- It's not going to happen. We'll see if it- We'll be able to talk about the results.

No, we'll see you on Tuesday night with Phil Helmuth on a short leash for the dictator Chamath Palihapitiya, your Sultan of Science and the architect. I am the world's greatest moderator. We'll see you next time. Bye-bye. We'll let your winners ride. Brain man David Sachs. I'm going all in.

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